SGrade/USMLE Step 1/Pathology — Core Concepts
Pathology — Core Concepts Practice Questions
This topic covers essential Pathology principles as tested in USMLE Step 1.
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A 60-year-old woman with a history of congestive heart failure presents with bilateral pitting edema in her lower extremities. Her echocardiogram shows reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. What is the most likely underlying mechanism for her peripheral edema?
Examiner's Design Intent
Tests integration of cardiovascular pathophysiology with fundamental fluid balance mechanisms - core Step 1 skill of linking disease to mechanism
A 3-year-old boy presents with severe gastroenteritis, leading to dehydration and acute kidney injury. A renal biopsy reveals cellular swelling and fatty change in the renal tubular epithelial cells. Which of the following cellular changes is indicative of a reversible injury in this context?
Examiner's Design Intent
Tests fundamental understanding of reversible vs irreversible cell injury in the context of acute kidney injury, a core pathology concept essential for clinical reasoning
A research team is studying programmed cell death in response to genotoxic stress. They observe that cells with severe, irreparable DNA damage activate an intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Which of the following proteins is crucial for initiating this intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in response to severe DNA damage by sensing the damage and activating pro-apoptotic factors?
Examiner's Design Intent
Tests understanding of apoptotic pathway specificity and p53's central role as DNA damage sensor in intrinsic apoptosis
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